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Zwinger (fortification)
A ''Zwinger'' (also: ''zwinger'') is an open area between two defensive walls that is used for defensive purposes.〔Piper, Otto: Burgenkunde. Bauwesen und Geschichte der Burgen. Würzburg, 1995, p. 684.〕 ''Zwingers'' were built in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period to improve the defence of castles and town walls. The term is German and usually left untranslated. However, it is sometimes rendered as "outer courtyard" presumably referring to the subsequent role of a ''Zwinger'' as a castle's defences became redundant and it was converted into a palace or ''schloss'', however, this belies its original purpose as a form of killing ground for the defence. The word is linked with ''zwingen'', "to force", perhaps because the ''Zwinger'' forced an enemy to negotiate it before assaulting the main defensive line.
== Castles ==
The ''Zwinger'' of a castle is sited in front of the main curtain wall and is enclosed on the outer side by a second, lower wall, known as the ''Zwinger'' wall (''Zwingermauer''). If attackers succeed in getting past the ''Zwinger'' wall, they would be trapped in the ''Zwinger'' and were an easy target for the defenders on the main wall (''Hauptmauer''). Further progress was thus seriously impeded.
In central Europe most ''Zwingers'' were built in front of older castle walls as a later addition and reinforcement of the defences.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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